Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects numerous students around the world. As educators, we can help to ensure these students are given the best chance to thrive in an academic setting.

Signs to look for:

ADHD can manifest as inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or a combination of these symptoms. Remember that these behaviors are not always a choice for the student; they're often a result of their neurology.

Scenario 1:

You may interpret a student's fidgeting and lack of focus as signs that they don't care about your lesson.

These could be symptoms of their ADHD that are difficult for them to control. While it may seem like they are purposely ignoring instructions, their ADHD makes it hard to pay attention or sit still, even if they want to comply. 

Scenario 2:

A student's calling out or excessive talking may appear disruptive.

These actions may reflect impulsivity, not willful defiance.

Recognizing the role ADHD plays can help understand these students' difficulties and support them effectively. Here are some practical tips to help teachers better understand and assist students with ADHD. 

Offer Frequent Breaks

Students with ADHD often benefit from short, regular breaks. These breaks allow them to release pent-up energy and refocus. 

Examples:

Use “brain gym” activities that combine physical activities and mental exercises or allow students to take a short walk or do a quick physical activity, like jumping jacks. Consider implementing "brain breaks" every 15-20 minutes during lessons, allowing students to stand up, stretch, or even engage in a short, active task.

Use Visual Aids

Visual aids such as visual to-do lists, classroom rules, and graphic organizers can be beneficial. Students with ADHD often have difficulty encoding and processing information within their working memory. These tools can make abstract concepts more tangible.

Examples:

Use mind maps to summarize complex topics or incorporate educational videos related to the lesson content. 

Provide Clear, Step-by-Step Instructions

Break tasks down into manageable steps. Providing a checklist or a visual guide can help students with ADHD track their progress and ensure they haven't missed any critical steps.

Examples:

Use a visual project or poster post-t notes to detail each phase of an assignment or video record the steps of the assignment so students can review at their own pace. 

Offer Choices

Whenever possible, give students options. Whether it's the choice of a seating arrangement, a project topic, or a method for demonstrating their knowledge, these choices can increase their engagement and motivation. Motivation will likely be the highest if the student has some personal connection to or an interest in the specific subject matter. 

Examples:

Allow students to pick between writing an essay, creating a presentation, or making a video. 

Maintain Consistency

A predictable routine can be reassuring for students with ADHD. Keep transitions smooth, and try to maintain a consistent daily schedule, giving warning for any changes. 

Examples:

Use consistent symbols or colors for specific types of activities. Visual timers can often be helpful. For instance, TimeTimer has a clock that graphically shows the remaining time before the time runs out with a shrinking circle. 

Create an ADHD-Friendly Classroom Setup

Consider factors like seating arrangements. Some students may benefit from sitting closer to the teacher, away from windows or other distractions. Noise-canceling headphones or quiet corners can also help minimize distractions.

Examples:

Provide options like standing desks or free desks at the back or front of the classroom that students can access to support their attention and focus. 

Encourage Peer Support

Peer tutoring or collaborative group work can be beneficial. This not only provides academic support but also promotes the development of social skills. Additional redirection and support may be needed to keep the group from getting off-topic. 

Examples:

Use praise genuinely and frequently, highlighting specific accomplishments or successes. 

Implement Technology and Tools

There are numerous apps and tools available that can support students with ADHD. For example, timers can help with time management, while apps like Evernote can assist with note-taking and organization.

Examples:

Use apps like Kahoot or Quizlet for engaging, interactive lesson reviews and informative assessments.

Communicate with Parents

Parents can offer insights into what strategies work best for their child. Regular communication can ensure that support is consistent at school and home.

Examples:

Encourage parents to send you updates and insights via email or digital communication platforms like ClassDojo or Remind to send updates to families. 

Offer Extensions and Accommodations

Be prepared to offer extended time on tests or assignments. This isn't about giving ADHD students an advantage but leveling the playing field.

Examples:

Just because you are offering extensions does not mean you need to lower or change the bar. Consider allowing oral presentations instead of written assignments or providing quiet rooms or spaces for test-taking. 

Encourage Physical Activity

Physical activity has been shown to benefit students with ADHD. Incorporate physical activities into your lessons or encourage short physical breaks.

Examples:

This can be as simple as passing a soft ball between yourself and students as they answer questions or structuring activities to have students move their seats throughout the period.

Promote Self-Advocacy

Teach students about their condition and encourage them to communicate their needs. This will support them in school and prepare them for future challenges.

Examples:

Self-advocacy is important for all students. Early in the year, setting up a lesson on identifying warning signs you might need some help and ways to ask for it can be helpful. 

Final thoughts

Supporting students with ADHD requires a blend of patience, understanding, and flexibility. By implementing these strategies, teachers can create a more inclusive environment where every student, regardless of their challenges, has the opportunity to succeed.

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